Identifying and Diagnosing Inflammatory Arthritis: A Narrative Literature Review of Sex-Related Differences

Lewis, Trevor and Gregory, William J ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1186-5806 (2025) Identifying and Diagnosing Inflammatory Arthritis: A Narrative Literature Review of Sex-Related Differences. Rheumato, 5 (3). p. 12. ISSN 2674-0621

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Abstract

Living with inflammatory arthritis can have a significant impact; early identification, diagnosis and treatment has been shown to improve outcomes. The clinician working in settings where people with undiagnosed inflammatory arthritis may present for assessment has a crucial role in early identification and onwards referral. Inflammatory arthritis varies in its presentation with respect to gender. Rheumatoid arthritis tends to affect females more than males; historically, Axial Spondyloarthropathy was felt to predominately affect males but the distribution is now known to be equal between men and women. Psoriatic arthritis also affects males and females without obvious sex prevalence. Objectives: To investigate, through a narrative literature review, the early clinical manifestations of inflammatory arthritis, focusing on sex differences and key signs which primary care clinicians should recognise. Methods: A narrative literature review was undertaken with regards to presentation of three commonly seen inflammatory arthritis conditions: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Axial Spondyloarthritis. Studies describing differences in presentation of these conditions between the sexes were selected for this descriptive analysis. Results: Overall, when compared to males, females endure a longer time to diagnosis, and experience increased disease activity, elevated levels of pain and poorer response to medication. Conclusions: Understanding the difference in presentation of inflammatory arthritis between sexes can accelerate diagnosis and improve treatment.