Ruthenium nanoparticles doped on electrochemical activated screen-printed electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine and paracetamol in pharmaceutical and human serum samples

Ghediri, D, Kihal, R, Chelaghmia, ML, Assaifan, AK, Banks, CE ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-9764, Makhlouf, FZ, Fisli, H, Nacef, M, Affoune, AM, Foukmeniok, SM and Pontié, M (2025) Ruthenium nanoparticles doped on electrochemical activated screen-printed electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine and paracetamol in pharmaceutical and human serum samples. Microchemical Journal, 215. 114186. ISSN 0026-265X

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Abstract

A simple and highly selective electrochemical method using the commercially available screen-printed electrode electrochemically activated (ASPE) by cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 M H2SO4 and modified with ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) was developed for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PA). Changes in electrochemical behavior before and after the electrochemical activation of ASPE were studied by CV and EIS. The results have shown that the electrochemical activation of ASPE can improves the electrical conductivity, large surface area, and thus resulting in the formation of conducting RuNPs/ASPE nanocomposite. The morphologies and interface properties of the obtained RuNPs/ASPE nanocomposite were examined by FE–SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and AFM. Moreover, the electrochemical performances of the nanocomposite were investigated by CV, EIS and SWV methods. After optimization, the results show that CV, SWV, and EIS can effectively detect DA and PA using the fabricated sensor. For individual detection, SWV and EIS proved to be better techniques, particularly SWV, which exhibited the highest sensitivity (1.93 and 1.06 μA mM−1 cm−2) and the lowest detection limits (0.11 μM for DA and 0.17 μM for PA). However, for simultaneous detection, CV is more advantageous, providing the widest linear ranges (1.0–300 μM for DA and 1.0–400 μM for PA). Furthermore, the newly RuNPs/ASPE sensor showed excellent repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity. This sensor was successfully applied to measure PA and DA in both human blood and pharmaceutical formulations with satisfactory recovery.