Using Novel Methods to Develop Data for Evidence‐Based Practice: Understanding LGBTI Stigma and Discrimination at the Sub National Level in Europe Using the Eurobarometer

Hammond, Natalie ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3340-2992 and Moretti, Angelo (2025) Using Novel Methods to Develop Data for Evidence‐Based Practice: Understanding LGBTI Stigma and Discrimination at the Sub National Level in Europe Using the Eurobarometer. Geographical Analysis. ISSN 0016-7363

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Abstract

Drawing on data from the Eurobarometer Survey, this study explores the distribution of stigma and discrimination towards LGBTI communities at the sub‐national level. There has been increased attention at global and pan‐European levels around LGBTI rights mostly drawing on national‐level measurements. However, there is limited research or understanding of the complex and pervasive problem of stigma and discrimination towards LGBTI groups at regional levels. Yet, it is widely noted that regional disparities exist across demographic characteristics; thus, national‐level data may not be suitable for planning and policy making. We utilized two questions from the Eurobarometer as a proxy for levels of stigma and discrimination against LGBTI communities. We drew on novel Small Area Estimation (SAE) methods to produce the first reliable estimates and analysis for sub‐national areas across Europe. The findings widen our understanding of differences around stigma and discrimination towards LGBTI communities both between and within nation states, emphasizing how regional‐level analysis is necessary to develop targeted policies and interventions. Our findings demonstrate that programming and policy based on only national data should be utilized with caution. We argue that novel methods, such as SAE, can be utilized to support more effective data‐driven decision making.