Canopy functional trait variation across Earth’s tropical forests

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-0607, Sullivan, Martin JP ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5955-0483, Svátek, Martin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2328-4627, Vieira Santiago, Wagner Tadeu ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8470-0677, Arn Teh, Yit, Theruvil Parambil Sivan, Prasad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-6683, Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4492-3344, Veenendaal, Elmar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-2501, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0982-8579, Dago, Marie Ruth ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-9229, Traoré, Soulemane, Patacca, Marco ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-9370, Badouard, Vincyane ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7054-4010, de Padua Chaves e Carvalho, Samuel ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5590-9049, White, Lee JT ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-5981, Zhang-Zheng, Huanyuan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-8771, Zibera, Etienne, Zwerts, Joeri Alexander ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-6389, Burslem, David FRP ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6033-0990, Silman, Miles, Chave, Jérôme ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-1347, Enquist, Brian J, Barlow, Jos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-2594, Phillips, Oliver L ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-6168, Coomes, David A and Malhi, Yadvinder ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-4783 (2025) Canopy functional trait variation across Earth’s tropical forests. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836

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Abstract

Tropical forest canopies are the biosphere’s most concentrated atmospheric interface for carbon, water and energy1,2. However, in most Earth System Models, the diverse and heterogeneous tropical forest biome is represented as a largely uniform ecosystem with either a singular or a small number of fixed canopy ecophysiological properties3. This situation arises, in part, from a lack of understanding about how and why the functional properties of tropical forest canopies vary geographically4. Here, by combining field-collected data from more than 1,800 vegetation plots and tree traits with satellite remote-sensing, terrain, climate and soil data, we predict variation across 13 morphological, structural and chemical functional traits of trees, and use this to compute and map the functional diversity of tropical forests. Our findings reveal that the tropical Americas, Africa and Asia tend to occupy different portions of the total functional trait space available across tropical forests. Tropical American forests are predicted to have 40% greater functional richness than tropical African and Asian forests. Meanwhile, African forests have the highest functional divergence—32% and 7% higher than that of tropical American and Asian forests, respectively. An uncertainty analysis highlights priority regions for further data collection, which would refine and improve these maps. Our predictions represent a ground-based and remotely enabled global analysis of how and why the functional traits of tropical forest canopies vary across space.