In-shoe plantar shear stress sensor design, calibration and evaluation for the diabetic foot

Tigrini, Andrea, Haron, Athia H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-6409, Li, Lutong ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0452, Shuang, Jiawei, Lin, Chaofan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4938-1180, Dawes, Helen, Mansoubi, Maedeh, Crosby, Damian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6879-3460, Massey, Garry, Reeves, Neil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9213-4580, Bowling, Frank, Cooper, Glen and Weightman, Andrew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-4942 (2024) In-shoe plantar shear stress sensor design, calibration and evaluation for the diabetic foot. PLoS ONE, 19 (9). e0309514. ISSN 1932-6203

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Abstract

Plantar shear stress may have an important role in the formation of a Diabetic Foot Ulcer, but its measurement is regarded as challenging and has limited research. This paper highlights the importance of anatomical specific shear sensor calibration and presents a feasibility study of a novel shear sensing system which has measured in-shoe shear stress from gait activity on both healthy and diabetic subjects. The sensing insole was based on a strain gauge array embedded in a silicone insole backed with a commercial normal pressure sensor. Sensor calibration factors were investigated using a custom mechanical test rig with indenter to exert both normal and shear forces. Indenter size and location were varied to investigate the importance of both loading area and position on measurement accuracy. The sensing insole, coupled with the calibration procedure, was tested one participant with diabetes and one healthy participant during two sessions of 15 minutes of treadmill walking. Calibration with different indenter areas (from 78.5 mm2 to 707 mm2) and different positions (up to 40 mm from sensor centre) showed variation in measurements of up to 80% and 90% respectively. Shear sensing results demonstrated high repeatability (>97%) and good accuracy (mean absolute error < ±18 kPa) in bench top mechanical tests and less than 21% variability within walking of 15-minutes duration. The results indicate the importance of mechanical coupling between embedded shear sensors and insole materials. It also highlights the importance of using an appropriate calibration method to ensure accurate shear stress measurement. The novel shear stress measurement system presented in this paper, demonstrates a viable method to measure accurate and repeatable in-shoe shear stress using the calibration procedure described. The validation and calibration methods outlined in this paper could be utilised as a standardised approach for the research community to develop and validate similar measurement technologies.