Investigation of grid-forming and grid-following converter multi-machine interactions under different control architectures

Benedetti, L ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6105-5350, Paspatis, A ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-019X, Papadopoulos, PN ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7343-2590, Egea-Àlvarez, A and Hatziargyriou, N (2024) Investigation of grid-forming and grid-following converter multi-machine interactions under different control architectures. Electric Power Systems Research, 234. 110813. ISSN 0378-7796

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Abstract

The proliferation of converter-interfaced generation necessitates the investigation of novel small-signal multi-machine interactions. The flexibility and lack of standardisation of converter control approaches results in a plethora of potential implementations, bringing different dynamics that can interact with each other and existing elements of the power system. This paper performs a small-signal analysis of power systems with the inclusion of grid-forming and grid-following converters for varying combinations of common control architectures, in terms of cascaded control loops, within the literature. Investigations are performed for a two-machine system and the WSCC 9-bus (three-machine) system. As well as interaction identification and characterisation, the impact of varying transmission line lengths, system loading, and generation dispatch are investigated.