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    Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages

    Buchanan, Erin M ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-4189, Cuccolo, Kelly, Heyman, Tom ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-441X, van Berkel, Niels ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-7692, Coles, Nicholas A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-5610, Iyer, Aishwarya ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-8830, Peters, Kim ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-8636, van ’t Veer, AE ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-1841, Montefinese, Maria, Maxwell, Nicholas P ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-8323, Taylor, Jack E, Valentine, Kathrene D ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-5395, Arriaga, Patrícia ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-0489, Barzykowski, Krystian ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4016-3966, Boucher, Leanne ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-0869, Collins, W Matthew ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-5860, Vaidis, David C ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-2219, Aczel, Balazs ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9364-4988, Al-Hoorie, Ali H, Ambrosini, Ettore ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-5491, Besson, Théo ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-823X, Burin, Debora I ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-719X, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-111X, Clarke, AJ Benjamin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-1946, Daryani, Yalda ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6463-9845, El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-987X, Elsherif, Mahmoud M ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-3998, Fernández-López, Maria, Ferreira, Paulo Roberto dos Santos ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-7192, Freitag, Raquel Meister Ko ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4972-4320, Gattei, Carolina A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7490-3363, Godbersen, Hendrik ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-8816, Grim, Philip A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0543-7979, Halama, Peter ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6938-4845, Havan, Patrik, Irrazabal, Natalia C ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-516X, Isloi, Chris ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-287X, Iversen, Rebecca Kvisler, Julliard, Yoann ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-6994, Karaaslan, Aslan ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-4122, Kohút, Michal ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4544-1331, Kohútová, Veronika, Kos, Julija, Kosachenko, Alexandra I, Lima, Tiago Jessé Souza de ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8840-4285, Mak, Matthew HC ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7237-4931, Manouilidou, Christina, Marciaga, Leonardo A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0189-9263, Melinna, Xiaolin Melinna, Miranda, Jacob Francisco, Morvinski, Coby ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-7085, Muppoor, Aishwarya, Müjdeci, F Elif, Nielsen, Yngwie A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-354X, Oliveros, Juan Carlos, Onič, Jaš, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-4003, Patel, Ishani, Pavlović, Zoran ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-5100, Pažon, Blaž, Pfuhl, Gerit ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3271-6447, Pronizius, Ekaterina ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-196X, Roettger, Timo B ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-2739, Ronderos, Camilo R ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-406X, Ruiz-Fernandez, Susana ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-1506, Senderecka, Magdalena ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-5180, Solak, Çağlar ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-8627, Stückler, Anna, Szekely-Copîndean, Raluca D ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-5573, Taboh, Analí R ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6266-5348, Thériault, Rémi ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4315-6788, Tran, Ulrich S ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6589-3167, Trecca, Fabio ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5900-7616, Ulloa, José Luis ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7220-4350, Varga, Marton A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8828-3070, Verheyen, Steven ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6778-6744, Vesić Pavlović, Tijana ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5786-975X, Viviani, Giada, Wang, Nan, Zivna, Kristyna, Yun, Chen Chu, Clark, Oliver ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-7360, Acar, Oguz A ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1993-0921, Adamkovič, Matúš ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9648-9108, Agnoletti, Giulia, Akil, Atakan M, Alsuhaibani, Zainab ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2154-9460, Amenta, Simona, Ananyeva, Olga A, Andreychik, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-5504, Angele, Bernhard, Arias Quiñones, Danna Catalina, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-6250, Askelund, Adrian Dahl ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2669-5472, Baker, Bradley J ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-4198, Baskin, Ernest ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-2839, Batalha, Luisa ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-4039, Batres, Carlota ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-7667, Beato, Maria Soledad, Becker, Manuel, Becker, Maja ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-1699, Behnke, Maciej ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2455-4556, Blaison, Christophe, Borghi, Anna M ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9455-8408, Brandstätter, Eduard, Buczny, Jacek ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4932-196X, Budak, Nesrin ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2448-528X, Cabana, Álvaro ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-290X, Cai, Zhenguang G ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4097-6038, Canessa, Enrique C, Cavdan, Müge, Cecchetti, Luca, Chaigneau, Sergio E, Chang, Feria XW, Chartier, Christopher R, Chen, Sau-Chin, Cherniaeva, Elena, Christiansen, Morten H, Chuan-Peng, Hu, Chwiłkowska, Patrycja, Comesaña, Montserrat, Cong, Chin Wen, Cowan, Casey, Dandeneau, Stéphane Daniel, David, Oana A, Davis, William E, Demirag Burak, Elif Gizem, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Du, Hongfei, Duclos, Rod, Duyck, Wouter, Efimova, Liudmila A, Egan, Ciara, Era, Vanessa, Evans, Thomas R, Exner, Anna, Feldman, Gilad, Fellnhofer, Katharina, Fini, Chiara, Fisher, Sarah E, Flowe, Heather D, Garrido-Vásquez, Patricia, Gatti, Daniele, Geller, Jason, Giannouli, Vaitsa, Gorokhova, Anna Sergeevna, Griener, Lindsay M, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Grossmann, Igor, Ghasemi, Hesam, Handjaras, Giacomo, Hauspie, Cathy, He, Zhiran, Heilman, Renata M, Heydari, Amirmahdi, Hine, Alanna M, Hoyer, Karlijn, Hryniszak, Weronika, Hsiao, Janet Hui-wen, Huang, Guanxiong, Ihaya, Keiko, Ilczuk, Ewa, Ishii, Tatsunori, Dumbravă, Andrei, Jankowiak, Katarzyna, Jiang, Xiaoming, Johnson, David C, Jończyk, Rafał, Järvikivi, Juhani, Kaczer, Laura, Kamermans, Kevin Leander, Karl, Johannes A, Karner, Alexander, Kačmár, Pavol, Keech, Jacob J, Kim, M Justin, Korbmacher, Max, Kostorz, Kathrin, Kowal, Marta, Kratochvil, Tomas, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Kuzminska, Anna O, Körtvélyessy, Lívia, Köse, Fatma Ebru, Köster, Massimo, Kękuś, Magdalena, Labusch, Melanie, Lamm, Claus, Lau, Chaak Ming, Laurino, Julieta, Law, Wilbert, Lettieri, Giada, Levitan, Carmel A, Lu, Jackson G, MacPherson, Sarah E, Malinakova, Klara, Manriquez-Robles, Diego, Marchant, Nicolás, Marelli, Marco, Martínez, Martín, Matthews, Molly F, Mattiassi, Alan DA, Mattoli-Sánchez, Josefina, Mazzuca, Claudia, McGovern, David P, Meier, Zdenek, Melinscak, Filip, Misiak, Michal, Monteiro, Luis Carlos Pereira, Moreau, David, Moreno, Sebastian, Mulgrew, Kate E, Muller, Dominique, Nagy, Tamás, Naranowicz, Marcin, Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu LG, Neta, Maital, Novak, Lukas, Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Paek, Jessica Jee Won, Paltoglou, Aspasia, Parada, Francisco J, Parker, Adam J, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Pavlov, Yuri G, Paydarfard, Saeed, Pegler, Dominik, Peker, Mehmet, Perea, Manuel, Pfattheicher, Stefan, Protzko, John, Prusova, Irina Sergeevna, Pypno-Blajda, Katarzyna, Qiu, Zhuang, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Ribeiro, Gianni, Rinaldi, Luca, Roberts, S Craig, Roembke, Tanja C, Romanova, Marina O, Ross, Robert M, Röer, Jan Philipp, Rızaoğlu, Filiz, Saari, Toni T, Sampaolo, Erika, Santos, Anabela Caetano, Sarıçiçek, F Çağlar, Sasaki, Kyoshiro, Scharnowski, Frank, Schmidt, Kathleen, Sepehri, Amir, Serçe, Halid O, Sevincer, A Timur, Siew, Cynthia SQ, Simonetti, Matilde Ellen, Sirota, Miroslav, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Sorokowski, Piotr, Stephen, Ian D, Stevens, Laura M, Stewart, Suzanne LK, Steyrl, David, Stieger, Stefan, Studzinska, Anna, Suarez, Mar, Szala, Anna, Szmalec, Arnaud, Sznycer, Daniel, Szumowska, Ewa, Söylemez, Sinem, Söylemez, Bahadır, Takashima, Kaito, Tamnes, Christian K, Tan, Joel CR, Tang, Chengxiang, Tavel, Peter, Tejada, Julian, Thompson, Benjamin C, Tiernan, Jake G, Torres-Muñoz, Vicente, Touloumakos, Anna K, Trémolière, Bastien, Tschense, Monika, Türkan, Belgüzar Nilay, Vadillo, Miguel A, Vannucci, Caterina, Varnum, Michael EW, Vasilev, Martin R, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verkampt, Fanny, Villar, Liliana M, Wallot, Sebastian, Wang, Lijun, Wang, Ke, Williams, Glenn Patrick, Willinger, David, Wolfe, Kelly, Wormley, Alexandra S, Yamada, Yuki, Yang, Yunkai, Zhou, Yuwei, Zhang, Mengfan, Zheng, Wang, Zheng, Yueyuan, Zhou, Chenghao, Zidkova, Radka, Zumbrunn, Nina Meret, Çoker, Ogeday, Çoksan, Sami, Öner, Sezin, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Şahin, Seda Merve, Kasanov, Dauren, Arvanitis, Alexios, Brick, Cameron, Colloff, Melissa F, Gallyamova, Albina, Koch, Christopher, Ropovik, Ivan, Zhang, Yucheng, Zhou, Xingxing, Patel, Sneh, Suchow, Jordan W and Lewis, Savannah C (2025) Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages. Nature Human Behaviour.

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    Abstract

    Semantic priming has been studied for nearly 50 years across various experimental manipulations and theoretical frameworks. Although previous studies provide insight into the cognitive underpinnings of semantic representations, they have suffered from small sample sizes and a lack of linguistic and cultural diversity. In this Registered Report, we measured the size and the variability of the semantic priming effect across 19 languages (n = 25,163 participants analysed) by creating the largest available database of semantic priming values using an adaptive sampling procedure. We found evidence for semantic priming in terms of differences in response latencies between related word-pair conditions and unrelated word-pair conditions. Model comparisons showed that the inclusion of a random intercept for language improved model fit, providing support for variability in semantic priming across languages. This study highlights the robustness and variability of semantic priming across languages and provides a rich, linguistically diverse dataset for further analysis. The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 15 July 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/u5bp6 (registration) or https://osf.io/q4fjy (preprint version 6, 31 May 2022).

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