Towards more sustainable oceans: a review of the pressing challenges posed by marine plastic litter

Leal Filho, Walter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-5225, Barbir, Jelena, May, Julia, May, Marta, Swart, Julia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9840-0026, Yang, Peter, Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2198-6740, Aina, Yusuf A ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0763-9865, Bettencourt, Sara, Charvet, Patricia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-433X and Azadi, Hossein (2025) Towards more sustainable oceans: a review of the pressing challenges posed by marine plastic litter. Waste Management and Research. ISSN 0734-242X

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Abstract

Marine littering is a global challenge and a significant threat to a sustainable planet, requiring comprehensive and effective mechanisms to address it in a comprehensive manner. This study reports on a bibliometric analysis that has identified the extent to which the topic has been explored in the international literature, by focusing on geographical scope, the emphasis on (micro)plastic litter and on policy measures. Additionally, as a complement to the assessment of the recent literature on marine plastic litter, this study reviews some case studies, identifying some trends on how to cope with this problem. The findings underscore the imperative for heightened research efforts in the context of marine littering. The literature reveals that unsustainable practices, the absence of robust policies and inadequate enforcement substantially contribute to the prevalence of marine plastic litter. Consequently, urgent action is essential, demanding the implementation of effective policies and frameworks. Encouraging nations to transition towards marine sustainability, particularly in terms of prevention and environmental awareness, is of paramount importance. To pave the way for a cleaner ocean for future generations, this study not only highlights the root causes but also offers suggested solutions. These solutions serve as valuable insights for researchers, innovators and policymakers worldwide, charting a course towards a more sustainable and litter-free marine environment.