Design of Multi-Sourced MIMO Multiband Hybrid Wireless RF-Perovskite Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting Subsystems for IoTs Applications in Smart Cities

Elias, Fanuel, Ekpo, Sunday ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9219-3759, Alabi, Stephen, Uko, Mfonobong, Enahoro, Sunday, Ijaz, Muhammad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-9435, Ji, Helen, Unnikrishnan, Rahul and Olasunkanmi, Nurudeen (2025) Design of Multi-Sourced MIMO Multiband Hybrid Wireless RF-Perovskite Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting Subsystems for IoTs Applications in Smart Cities. Technologies. pp. 1-26. ISSN 2227-7080 (In Press)

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Abstract

Energy harvesting technology allows Internet of Things (IoT) devices to be powered continuously without needing battery charging or replacement. In addressing existing and emerging massive IoT energy supply challenges, this paper presents the design of multi-sourced multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) multiband hybrid wireless RF-perovskite photovoltaic energy harvesting subsystems for IoT application. The research findings evaluate the efficiency and power output of different RF configurations (1 to 16 antennas) within MIMO RF subsystems. A Delon quadruple rectifier in the RF energy harvesting system demonstrates a system-level power conversion efficiency of 51%. The research also explores the I-V and P-V characteristics of the adopted perovskite tandem cell. This results in an impressive array capable of producing 6.4 V and generating a maximum power of 650 mW. For the first time, the combined mathematical modelling of the system architecture is presented. The achieved efficiency of the combined system is 90% (for 8 MIMO) and 98% (for 16 MIMO) at 0 dBm input RF power. This novel study holds great promise for next-generation 5G/6G smart IoT passive electronics. Additionally, it establishes the hybrid RF-perovskite energy harvester as a promising, compact, and eco-friendly solution for efficiently powering IoT devices in smart cities. This work contributes to the development of sustainable, scalable, and smart energy solutions for IoT integration into smart city infrastructures.