Al Impurity Upcycled High-Voltage Cathodes from Spent LiCoO2 Batteries

Zhang, Baichao, Chen, Shou, Yang, Lu, Zhu, Fangjun, Hu, Xinyu, Hong, Ningyun, Wang, Haoji, Zeng, Jingyao, Huang, Jiangnan, Shu, Yumin, Deng, Wentao, Zou, Guoqiang ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-6190, Hou, Hongshuai ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8201-4614, Silvester, Debbie S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-7482, Banks, Craig E ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-9764 and Ji, Xiaobo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-7913 (2024) Al Impurity Upcycled High-Voltage Cathodes from Spent LiCoO2 Batteries. ACS Nano, 18 (34). pp. 23773-23784. ISSN 1936-0851

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Abstract

Al impurity is among the most likely components to enter the spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode powder due to the strong adhesion between the cathode material and the Al current collector. However, high-value metal elements tend to be lost during the deep removal of Al impurities to obtain high-purity metal salt products in the conventional hydrometallurgical process. In this work, the harmful Al impurity is designed as a beneficial ingredient to upcycle high-voltage LiCoO2 by incorporating robust Al–O covalent bonds into the bulk of the cathode assisted with Ti modification. Benefiting from the strong Al–O and Ti–O bonds in the bulk, the irreversible phase transitions of the upcycled R-LCO-AT have been significantly suppressed at high voltages, as revealed by in situ XRD. Moreover, a Li+-conductive Li2TiO3 protective layer is constructed on the surface of R-LCO-AT by pinning slow-diffusion Ti on the grain boundaries, resulting in improved Li+ diffusion kinetics and restrained interface side reactions. Consequently, the cycle stability and rate performance of R-LCO-AT were significantly enhanced at a high cutoff voltage of 4.6 V, with a discharge capacity of 189.5 mAhg–1 at 1 C and capacity retention of 92.9% over 100 cycles at 4.6 V. This study utilizes the detrimental impurity element to upcycle high-voltage LCO cathodes through an elaborate bulk/surface structural design, offering a strategy for the high-value utilization of spent LIBs.