Activism in the era of democratic backsliding: explaining the efficacy of the clean-air campaigns in Poland

Subasic, Mate ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-4304, Birch, Sarah ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-1310, Fagan, Adam ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-4675 and Maltby, Tomas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-9749 (2024) Activism in the era of democratic backsliding: explaining the efficacy of the clean-air campaigns in Poland. Democratization, 31 (8). pp. 1866-1889. ISSN 1351-0347

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Abstract

Recent scholarship on popular mobilization and activism in Central and East Europe suggests a shift from institutionalized civil society organizations towards grassroots mobilization. Whilst the emergence of such citizen-led activism across the region can be traced back to the anti-neoliberal urban movements that arose in the 2010s in the immediate post EU-accession period, the so-called “illiberal turn” and the legal restrictions placed on formal civil society organizations by radical right and conservative politicians have arguably exacerbated the shift and momentum. In Poland, the reaction of political elites to air pollution activism and the apparent responsiveness of policymakers is particularly puzzling given the “green conservatism” bordering on “environmental nativism” of the Law and Justice government (2015-2023). Building on semi-structured interviews conducted with 30 policymakers and activists involved in the clean air campaign in Poland, we contend that their success in terms of increased public awareness and positive government response is a consequence of the concurrence of (i) a particular (health) framing of air pollution, (ii) the devolution of power and responsibility for managing air quality to regional government, (iii) the circulation of new information and data, and (iv) the emergence of new actors and activist strategies.