Using Randomized Controlled Trials in the Sports Medicine and Performance Environment: Is It Time to Reconsider and Think Outside the Methodological Box?

Bullock, Garrett S, Ward, Patrick, Hughes, Tom, Thigpen, Charles A, Cook, Chad E and Shanley, Ellen (2023) Using Randomized Controlled Trials in the Sports Medicine and Performance Environment: Is It Time to Reconsider and Think Outside the Methodological Box? Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 53 (6). pp. 331-334. ISSN 0190-6011

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Abstract

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are ubiquitous in medicine and have facilitated great strides in clinical care. However, when applied in sport, RCTs have limitations that hinder implementing effective interventions in the real-world clinical setting. Pragmatic clinical trials offer some solutions. Yet due to the competitive, high-pressure nature of sport at the individual, team, and governing body level, RCTs are likely infeasible in certain sport settings. The small number of athletes at the elite team level, along with the potential financial consequences of randomizing at the individual athlete and team level, also restricts study power and feasibility, limiting conclusions. Consequently, researchers may need to "think outside the box" and consider other research methodology, to help improve athlete care. In this Viewpoint, we detail alternative study designs that can help solve real-world problems in sports medicine and performance, while maintaining robust research standards and accounting for the challenges that RCTs pose. We also provide practical examples of alternative designs.