Crowd reception influences avoidance behavior during football penalty-kicks, but you wouldn’t know it: a retrospective analysis of professional games

Park, SH, Uiga, L ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-9428 and Masters, RSW (2022) Crowd reception influences avoidance behavior during football penalty-kicks, but you wouldn’t know it: a retrospective analysis of professional games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 61. p. 102169. ISSN 1469-0292

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Abstract

For most soccer players, penalty-kicks are unpleasantly valenced, but the extent to which intensity of emotions affects their decision-making is unclear. We hypothesised that a hostile crowd raises emotional intensity more than a supportive crowd during penalty-kicks, which causes players to make avoidance based decisions more often in the presence of a hostile crowd. We sourced video footage of penalty-kicks during professional games between 2000-2005 (N = 91), during which the goalkeeper was marginally off-center (1.6%–3.0%) or obviously off-center (>3.0%). Taking the easiest option is a marker of avoidance behavior, so we analysed the proportion of penalty-kicks directed towards the larger side of the goal. Players kicked towards the larger side more often in front of a hostile crowd than a supportive crowd, but only when the goalkeeper was marginally off-center. The findings suggest that in the high-pressure environment of penalty-kicks, emotional intensity moderates the decisions that kickers make, without their awareness.