Passive drag in Para swimmers with physical impairments: Implications for evidence-based classification in Para swimming

Hogarth, Luke, Oh, Yim-Taek, Osborough, Casey, Osborough, Connor, Formosa, Danielle, Hunter, Adam, Alcock, Alison, Burkett, Brendan and Payton, Carl ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-9753 (2021) Passive drag in Para swimmers with physical impairments: Implications for evidence-based classification in Para swimming. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 31 (10). pp. 1932-1940. ISSN 0905-7188

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Abstract

The inherent hydrodynamic resistance force, or passive drag, of a swimmer directly influences how they move through the water. For swimmers with physical impairments the strength of association between passive drag and swimming performance is unknown. Knowledge on this factor could improve the World Para Swimming classification process. This study established the relationship between passive drag and 100 m freestyle race performance in Para swimmers with physical impairments. Using a cross-sectional study design, an electrical-mechanical towing device was used to measure passive drag force in 132 international-level Para swimmers. There was a strong, negative correlation between normalised passive drag force and 100 m freestyle race speed in the combined participant cohort (ρ = -0.77, P < 0.001). Type of physical impairment was found to affect the relationship between passive drag and 100 m freestyle race speed when included in linear regression (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.65, χ<sup>2</sup> = 11.5, P = 0.025). These findings contribute to the body of evidence that passive drag can provide an objective assessment of activity limitation in Para swimmers with physical impairments. The effect of physical impairment type on the relationship between passive drag and swimming performance should be accounted for in Para swimming classification.

Item Type:	Article
Peer-reviewed:	Yes
Date Deposited:	05 Jul 2021 14:37
Publisher:	Wiley
Additional Information:	This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Hogarth, L, Oh, Y-T, Osborough, C, et al. Passive drag in Para swimmers with physical impairments: Implications for evidence-based classification in Para swimming. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021; 31: 1932– 1940., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14014. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
Divisions:	Faculties > Science and Engineering Research Centres > Musculoskeletal Sciences & Sport Medicine
Subject terms:	Para sport, Paralympics, classification, disability, gliding, streamline, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 1116 Medical Physiology, Sport Sciences
URI:	https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/628067
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14014
ISSN	0905-7188
e-ISSN	1600-0838

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